#!/usr/bin/env python3.11
# Copyright 2025, Gurobi Optimization, LLC
# Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a
# particular day. We use lexicographic optimization to solve the model:
# first, we minimize the linear sum of the slacks. Then, we constrain
# the sum of the slacks, and we minimize a quadratic objective that
# tries to balance the workload among the workers.
import gurobipy as gp
from gurobipy import GRB
import sys
# Number of workers required for each shift
shifts, shiftRequirements = gp.multidict(
{
"Mon1": 3,
"Tue2": 2,
"Wed3": 4,
"Thu4": 4,
"Fri5": 5,
"Sat6": 6,
"Sun7": 5,
"Mon8": 2,
"Tue9": 2,
"Wed10": 3,
"Thu11": 4,
"Fri12": 6,
"Sat13": 7,
"Sun14": 5,
}
)
# Amount each worker is paid to work one shift
workers, pay = gp.multidict(
{
"Amy": 10,
"Bob": 12,
"Cathy": 10,
"Dan": 8,
"Ed": 8,
"Fred": 9,
"Gu": 11,
}
)
# Worker availability
availability = gp.tuplelist(
[
("Amy", "Tue2"),
("Amy", "Wed3"),
("Amy", "Fri5"),
("Amy", "Sun7"),
("Amy", "Tue9"),
("Amy", "Wed10"),
("Amy", "Thu11"),
("Amy", "Fri12"),
("Amy", "Sat13"),
("Amy", "Sun14"),
("Bob", "Mon1"),
("Bob", "Tue2"),
("Bob", "Fri5"),
("Bob", "Sat6"),
("Bob", "Mon8"),
("Bob", "Thu11"),
("Bob", "Sat13"),
("Cathy", "Wed3"),
("Cathy", "Thu4"),
("Cathy", "Fri5"),
("Cathy", "Sun7"),
("Cathy", "Mon8"),
("Cathy", "Tue9"),
("Cathy", "Wed10"),
("Cathy", "Thu11"),
("Cathy", "Fri12"),
("Cathy", "Sat13"),
("Cathy", "Sun14"),
("Dan", "Tue2"),
("Dan", "Wed3"),
("Dan", "Fri5"),
("Dan", "Sat6"),
("Dan", "Mon8"),
("Dan", "Tue9"),
("Dan", "Wed10"),
("Dan", "Thu11"),
("Dan", "Fri12"),
("Dan", "Sat13"),
("Dan", "Sun14"),
("Ed", "Mon1"),
("Ed", "Tue2"),
("Ed", "Wed3"),
("Ed", "Thu4"),
("Ed", "Fri5"),
("Ed", "Sun7"),
("Ed", "Mon8"),
("Ed", "Tue9"),
("Ed", "Thu11"),
("Ed", "Sat13"),
("Ed", "Sun14"),
("Fred", "Mon1"),
("Fred", "Tue2"),
("Fred", "Wed3"),
("Fred", "Sat6"),
("Fred", "Mon8"),
("Fred", "Tue9"),
("Fred", "Fri12"),
("Fred", "Sat13"),
("Fred", "Sun14"),
("Gu", "Mon1"),
("Gu", "Tue2"),
("Gu", "Wed3"),
("Gu", "Fri5"),
("Gu", "Sat6"),
("Gu", "Sun7"),
("Gu", "Mon8"),
("Gu", "Tue9"),
("Gu", "Wed10"),
("Gu", "Thu11"),
("Gu", "Fri12"),
("Gu", "Sat13"),
("Gu", "Sun14"),
]
)
# Model
m = gp.Model("assignment")
# Assignment variables: x[w,s] == 1 if worker w is assigned to shift s.
# This is no longer a pure assignment model, so we must use binary variables.
x = m.addVars(availability, vtype=GRB.BINARY, name="x")
# Slack variables for each shift constraint so that the shifts can
# be satisfied
slacks = m.addVars(shifts, name="Slack")
# Variable to represent the total slack
totSlack = m.addVar(name="totSlack")
# Variables to count the total shifts worked by each worker
totShifts = m.addVars(workers, name="TotShifts")
# Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers to each shift s,
# plus the slack
reqCts = m.addConstrs(
(slacks[s] + x.sum("*", s) == shiftRequirements[s] for s in shifts), "_"
)
# Constraint: set totSlack equal to the total slack
m.addConstr(totSlack == slacks.sum(), "totSlack")
# Constraint: compute the total number of shifts for each worker
m.addConstrs((totShifts[w] == x.sum(w) for w in workers), "totShifts")
# Objective: minimize the total slack
# Note that this replaces the previous 'pay' objective coefficients
m.setObjective(totSlack)
# Optimize
def solveAndPrint():
m.optimize()
status = m.status
if status in (GRB.INF_OR_UNBD, GRB.INFEASIBLE, GRB.UNBOUNDED):
print(
"The model cannot be solved because it is infeasible or \
unbounded"
)
sys.exit(1)
if status != GRB.OPTIMAL:
print(f"Optimization was stopped with status {status}")
sys.exit(0)
# Print total slack and the number of shifts worked for each worker
print("")
print(f"Total slack required: {totSlack.X:g}")
for w in workers:
print(f"{w} worked {totShifts[w].X:g} shifts")
print("")
solveAndPrint()
# Constrain the slack by setting its upper and lower bounds
totSlack.UB = totSlack.X
totSlack.LB = totSlack.X
# Variable to count the average number of shifts worked
avgShifts = m.addVar(name="avgShifts")
# Variables to count the difference from average for each worker;
# note that these variables can take negative values.
diffShifts = m.addVars(workers, lb=-GRB.INFINITY, name="Diff")
# Constraint: compute the average number of shifts worked
m.addConstr(len(workers) * avgShifts == totShifts.sum(), "avgShifts")
# Constraint: compute the difference from the average number of shifts
m.addConstrs((diffShifts[w] == totShifts[w] - avgShifts for w in workers), "Diff")
# Objective: minimize the sum of the square of the difference from the
# average number of shifts worked
m.setObjective(gp.quicksum(diffShifts[w] * diffShifts[w] for w in workers))
# Optimize
solveAndPrint()